为什么中国开发不出来自己的操作系统？
发布时间：
2024-05-26 12:14
阅读量：
14
在维基百科里，有个巨大的“停产操作系统”列表
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Discontinued_operating_systems
其中186种操作系统种，159种诞生于美国，而且高度集中于波士顿128公路沿线及附近（BBN，DEC，Bell Labs，IBM）和旧金山湾区（Digital Research，Apple，Atari），而美国以外的操作系统，只有28种。按国内“版拳小斗士”的标准来看，13种属于套壳/抄袭（滑稽脸）。
就下表来看，开发独立操作系统的最佳时间最好不要超过1980年代，而且这种开发最好躲在大学里，别有商业化压力，不然你一追求兼容型，搞个Unix-like的API兼容，在“版拳小斗士”眼里就抄袭了，所谓之“玩法一模一样”。如果你授权国外系统，或者定制开源系统，那就是套皮，“国产化程度不够”。
操作系统是需要生态的，而建立生态的时间窗口很有限，小型机操作系统的窗口就是70年代，微机操作系统的窗口就是80年代，而建立生态的时间窗里必须有足够的上下游配合，有兼容的软件、硬件提供商，有稳定的企业/政府客户提供资金，教育系统编写教材提供人才。
一旦错过了窗口面对的就是软硬件不兼容，既有系统迁移困难，应用开发人才缺乏。每一条都是大山，只能日拱一卒慢慢消化。国产桌面/服务器系统至少走过三条路：
- 80年代末COSIX为代表的Unix授权方案
- 90年代末银河麒麟为代表的BSD系统二次开发方案（Mach-like内核+BSD userland）
- 90年代末“千禧年的中文Linux”为代表的Linux发行版方案
已经过去20年了，实际走通的只有也只有最后一条路，好在这条路已经走出不相当一段距离了
- 有兼容的软件、硬件提供商：国产CPU、GPU已经有了，新品价格可承受，二手便宜
- 有稳定的政企客户：去IOE、信创采购
- 教育系统支持：大学至少在计算机相关专业普遍开设Linux课程
| OS名字 | 开发者 | 国家 | 版拳小斗士 | 年份 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68K/OS | GST Computer Systems | 英国 | 1984 | |
| Access Linux Platform | Access Co. | 日本 | 套皮Linux+PalmOS运行环境 | 2006 |
| Acorn MOS | Acorn Computers | 英国 | 1981 | |
| ARX (operating system) | Acorn Computers | 英国 | 抄袭Mach-like | 1987未完成 |
| Atlas Supervisor | 曼彻斯特大学 | 英国 | 1962 | |
| BlackBerry OS | Blackberry | 加拿大 | 1998 | |
| Cambridge Distributed Computing System | 剑桥大学 | 英国 | 1980s | |
| DesktopBSD | Peter Hofer | 德国 | 套皮BSD发行版 | 2005 |
| Eumel | Jochen Liedtke | 德国 | 1979 | |
| GEORGE (operating system) | International Computers and Tabulators | 英国 | 1965 | |
| LUnix | Ilker Ficicilar | 土耳其 | 抄袭Unix-like | 1993 |
| Minerva (QDOS reimplementation) | Laurence Reeves | 英国 | 抄袭Sinclair QDOS复刻 | 2004 |
| MNOS (operating system) | IPK Minavtoproma | 俄罗斯 | 套皮Unix v6 | 1983 |
| Panos (operating system) | Acorn Computers | 英国 | 1984 | |
| PC-UX | NEC | 日本 | 套皮UNIX System III | 1980s |
| PC-UX/V | NEC | 日本 | 套皮UNIX System V | 1980s |
| Plurix | 里约热内卢联邦大学 | 巴西 | 抄袭Unix-like | 1985 |
| RISC iX | Acorn Computers | 英国 | 套皮BSD 4.3 | 1988 |
| SharpOS | SharpOS Project | 多国团队 | 2008 | |
| Sintran III | Norsk Data | 挪威 | 1974 | |
| Siris 8 | Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique | 法国 | 1972 | |
| SMSQ/E | Tony Tebby | 法国 | 原QDOS开发者重实现QDOS功能，非原公司授权 | 1990s |
| Symbian | Symbian Software | 英国 | 1998 | |
| THE multiprogramming system | 埃因霍芬理工大学 | 荷兰 | 1965 | |
| Towns OS | 富士通 | 日本 | 套皮MSDOS | 1989 |
| TRIPOS | 剑桥大学 | 英国 | 1978 | |
| TUNIS | 多伦多大学 | 加拿大 | 抄袭Unix-like | 1980s |
| Wii system software | 任天堂 | 日本 | 2006 |
附录，诞生于美国的操作系统
| OS | 开发者 |
|---|---|
| 68K/OS | GST Computer Systems |
| 86-DOS | Seattle Computer Products |
| 386BSD | Lynne and William Jolitz |
| A/UX | Apple |
| IBM Academic Operating System | IBM |
| Amiga Unix | Commodore |
| Ancient UNIX | Caldera/SCO |
| Apple DOS | Apple |
| Apple Pascal | Apple |
| Apple ProDOS | Apple |
| Atari DOS | Atari |
| Atari TOS | Atari |
| Banyan VINES | Banyan Systems |
| BBN Time-Sharing System | BBN |
| BeOS | Be Inc. |
| BESYS | Bell Labs |
| BLIS/COBOL | Information Processing, Inc. |
| BOS/360 | IBM |
| BSD/OS | Berkeley Software Design |
| CatOS | Cisco |
| CB UNIX | Bell Labs |
| CDC Kronos | Control Data Corporation |
| CDC SCOPE | Control Data Corporation |
| Chippewa Operating System | Control Data Corporation |
| Classic Mac OS | Apple |
| Coherent (operating system) | Mark Williams Company |
| Compatible Time-Sharing System | MIT |
| Concurrent CP/M | Digital Research |
| Concurrent CP/M 8-16 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent CP/M with Windows | Digital Research |
| Concurrent CP/M-68K | Digital Research |
| Concurrent CP/M-86 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent CP/M-86 with Windows | Digital Research |
| Concurrent CP/M-86/80 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS 8-16 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS 68K | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS 86 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS 286 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS 386 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS 386/MGE | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS V60 | Digital Research |
| Concurrent DOS XM | Digital Research |
| Concurrent PC DOS | Digital Research |
| Convergent Technologies Operating System | Convergent Technologies |
| CP/M | Digital Research |
| CP/M-86 | Digital Research |
| CP/M 8-16 | Digital Research |
| CP/M Plus | Digital Research |
| CP/M-68K | Digital Research |
| CP/M-80 | Digital Research |
| CP/M-85 | Digital Research |
| CP/M-86 Plus | Digital Research |
| CP/M-86/80 | Digital Research |
| CP/M-8000 | Digital Research |
| Cray Operating System | Cray |
| Cromemco DOS | Cromemco |
| Dartmouth Time Sharing System | Dartmouth College |
| DG/UX | Data General |
| Digita (operating system) | Flashpoint Technology, Inc |
| DigitaOS | Flashpoint Technology, Inc |
| Domain/OS | Apollo Computer |
| DOS Plus | Digital Research |
| DR DOS | Digital Research |
| EOS (8-bit operating system) | Coleco Industries, Inc. |
| ETA10 | ETA Systems |
| Firefox OS | Mozilla Corporation |
| FLEX (operating system) | Technical Systems Consultants |
| FlexOS | Digital Research |
| FlexOS 68K | Digital Research |
| FlexOS 186 | Digital Research |
| FlexOS 286 | Digital Research |
| FlexOS 386 | Digital Research |
| GEMDOS | Digital Research |
| GM-NAA I/O | General Motors |
| GNO/ME | Procyon Enterprises |
| Apple GS/OS | Apple |
| Honeywell CP-6 | Honeywell |
| HP Multi-Programming Executive | HP |
| IBM 7090/94 IBSYS | IBM |
| IBM Basic Programming Support | IBM |
| IBM PC DOS | IBM |
| Idris (operating system) | P. J. Plauger |
| IMAX 432 | Intel |
| Interactive Application System | DEC |
| Interactive Unix | Interactive Systems Corporation |
| IRIX | SGI |
| Kanji CP/M-86 | Digital Research |
| Livermore Time Sharing System | Lawrence Livermore Laboratories |
| Magic Cap | General Magic |
| Michigan Terminal System | University of Michigan |
| MIPS RISC/os | MIPS Computer Systems |
| MP/M | Digital Research |
| MP/M 8-16 | Digital Research |
| MP/M II | Digital Research |
| MP/M-80 | Digital Research |
| MP/M-86 | Digital Research |
| MP/M-286 | Digital Research |
| MTS system architecture | University of Michigan |
| Multics | MIT |
| Multiple Console Time Sharing System | General Motors |
| Multiuser DOS | Digital Research |
| Newton OS | Apple |
| NeXTSTEP | NeXT |
| NOS (operating system) | Control Data Corporation |
| NOS/VE | Control Data Corporation |
| Not Another Completely Heuristic Operating System | University of California, Berkeley |
| Novell DOS | Novell |
| NetWare | Novell |
| OpenSolaris | Sun |
| Operating System Projects | Michael Kifer |
| ORVYL and WYLBUR | Stanford University |
| OS/2 | IBM |
| OS/4 | Sperry Univac |
| OS/7 | Sperry Univac |
| OSF/1 | Open Software Foundation |
| Palm OS | Palm |
| PalmDOS | Digital Research |
| PC-MOS/386 | The Software Link |
| Personal CP/M | Digital Research |
| Personal CP/M-80 | Digital Research |
| Personal CP/M-86 | Digital Research |
| PRIMOS | Prime Computer |
| Project Monterey | SCO |
| SCP QDOS | Seattle Computer Products |
| Research Unix | Bell Labs |
| Rhapsody (operating system) | Apple |
| RSTS/E | DEC |
| RSX-11 | DEC |
| S5-DOS | Digital Research |
| SHARE Operating System | SHARE user group |
| Sinclair QDOS | Sinclair Research |
| Apple SOS | Apple |
| Sprite (operating system) | University of California, Berkeley |
| SunOS | Sun |
| TENEX (operating system) | BBN |
| Time Sharing Operating System | RCA |
| Transaction Management eXecutive | NCR |
| TRSDOS | Tandy |
| Tru64 UNIX | DEC |
| TSS (operating system) | IBM |
| UCSD Pascal | University of California, San Diego |
| Ultrix | DEC |
| UNETix | Lantech Systems |
| UniFLEX | Technical Systems Consultants |
| Universal Time-Sharing System | Xerox |
| University of Michigan Executive System | University of Michigan |
| UNIX/32V | Bell Labs |
| UNIX System III | Bell Labs |
| UNOS (operating system) | Charles River Data Systems |
| V (operating system) | Stanford University |
| VAXELN | DEC |
| VERSAdos | Motorola |
| Version 6 Unix | Bell Labs |
| Version 7 Unix | Bell Labs |
| VSTa | Andy Valencia |
| Xenix | Microsoft |
| Xerox Operating System | Xerox |
| Z80-RIO | Zilog |
END